Some dermatological preparations are time-consuming to apply.Some preparations may be messy or difficult to apply.Systemic side effects/drug interactions avoided or reduced.ointments, creams, liquids, powders, solutions, shampoos 1 Vaginal Dosage FormsĪdministration to the skin. Can be used in patients unable to swallow, vomiting or unconsciousĪdministered into the vagina.Some nasal drops or sprays may lead to an unpleasant taste in the mouthĪdministration into the rectum for a localised effect or a systemic effect.Only a small number of drugs can be given via this routeĪdministration of a drug directly into the nose.Proper inhaler technique required for the drug to work maximally.The drug is inhaled through the mouth and delivered into the lungs. The inhalation route is used for a local effect or systemic effect. Only a small volume of the drug can be administered.Variable drug absorption dependent on blood flow.Some drugs have a long duration of action e.g.Can be self-administered by the patient.
It can be given as direct injection or infusion. The subcutaneous (SC) route is injected into the subcutaneous tissue. Variable drug absorption dependent upon the muscle group used and the blood flow to the muscle.Easier to administer compared to the intravenous route.The intramuscular (IM) route is given directly into the muscle (e.g. may require calculating the dose, looking up the diluents to be used, checking for IV drug compatibilities, preparation of IV drug and administering the injection Labour intensive and time-consuming e.g.Once injected, the drug cannot be recalled.Requires trained medical/nursing staff to administer.Achieves predictable and precise control over drug plasma levels compared to other routes.Immediate effect (suitable for emergencies).The taste of the buccal dosage form may not be liked by the patientĪ drug administered by the intravenous (IV) route is given directly into a vein as direct injection or infusion.hydrocortisone muco-adhesive buccal tablet for the treatment of aphthous ulceration of the mouth). In addition, this route can also be used for a local effect (e.g. The drug is rapidly absorbed from the buccal mucosa and enters the systemic circulation, thus avoiding first-pass metabolism. The buccal route is administered by placing the buccal dosage form between the gum and the inner cheek. Placing the sublingual dosage form under the tongue until it dissolves may be considered inconvenient by some patients.The taste of the sublingual dosage form may not be liked by the patient.Most drugs are not available as sublingual formulations.This route can be used by people who have difficulty in swallowing tablets.Can be quickly terminated by spitting out the sublingual tablet if required.The drug is absorbed from the blood vessels that lie under the tongue and enters the systemic circulation directly, thus avoiding first-pass metabolism. The drug may be destroyed by digestive enzymes and/or stomach acidĪ dosage form designed for the sublingual (SL) route is administered under the tongue.Unsuitable in patients who are vomiting.Oral route not possible in unconscious patients.Examples of factors affecting drug absorption are gastrointestinal motility, gastric emptying rate and the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract Generally safe route of drug administration.tablets (immediate-release, enteric-coated, modified-release), capsules, granules, powders The oral route is the most frequently used route for drug administration. 1 A drug given via this route is absorbed into the systemic circulation from the gastrointestinal tract. The drug is administered to or by way of the mouth. In this guide, we summarise the most common routes used to administer drugs, the advantages and disadvantages of each drug route and examples of dosage forms that are used to deliver the active drug to the intended site of action in the body.
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